The Effectiveness of Career Guidance Program to Improve Entrepreneurial Skill for Adolescents : a Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Career guidance programs are considered as one of the important strategies to improve entrepreneurial skills in adolescents, especially in preparing them to face the challenges of an increasingly competitive world of work. This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) aims to analyze the effectiveness of career guidance programs in developing adolescent entrepreneurship skills based on empirical studies from published journals between 2020 and 2025. The research method followed the PRISMA protocol with a literature search in Scopus, ScienceDirect, ERIC, and Google Scholar databases using keywords such as “career guidance”, “entrepreneurial skills,” and “youth entrepreneurship.” Of the 5000 articles identified, 21 journals met the inclusion criteria, such as empirical studies, youth focus, and publication within the specified time frame. The results of the analysis show that structured and practice-based career guidance programs, such as entrepreneurship training, mentoring, and business simulation, significantly improve adolescents' entrepreneurial cognitive and behavioral skills, including creativity, risk management, and business planning capabilities. Supporting factors such as collaboration with industry players, project-based curriculum, and experiential learning approach also contributed to the success of the program. However, challenges such as limited resources, lack of training for counseling teachers, and gaps between theory and practice are still found in some studies.This SLR confirms that career guidance programs are effective in fostering adolescent entrepreneurial spirit, provided they are designed comprehensively and involve various stakeholders. Recommendations for future research include exploring the long-term impact of the program as well as adapting the web 3.0 based career guidance model to increase accessibility and participant engagement.