Assessing Indonesia’s First Hydrogen Refuelling Station in Jakarta: Emissions Reduction, Safety, and Policy Implications for Transport Decarbonization

Abstract

Indonesia’s first hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) in Senayan, Jakarta, was commissioned in 2024 as a pilot for transport decarbonization. This study evaluates its environmental performance and safety using a well-to-wheel greenhouse gas (GHG) framework aligned with ISO 14064, and a safety programme integrating HAZOP and Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) supported by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The analysis draws on station design and techno-economic parameters to estimate carbon abatement and energy performance, and benchmarks safety against ISO 19880-1 and NFPA 2. Results indicate the HRS can avoid ~114 tCO₂e per year when supplied with green hydrogen, with a stationlevel electricity-to-hydrogen efficiency of ~75%, and an individual risk level below 1×10⁻⁶ yr⁻¹ at public boundaries—consistent with widely accepted tolerability criteria. These findings, discussed against international experiences in Japan and Europe, demonstrate that hydrogen infrastructure in Indonesia can deliver measurable CO₂ reductions within conservative safety margins, provided the hydrogen supply remains low-carbon and design/operation adhere to international codes. Scientifically, this paper contributes the first integrated techno-economic and environmental-safety assessment of an Indonesian HRS, offering a replicable framework for project-level GHG accounting and risk-informed design. Policy recommendations emphasize standard adoption (ISO 19880-1, NFPA 2), performance-based safety verification, green hydrogen supply assurance, and targeted fleet deployment to accelerate credible pathways toward Indonesia’s 2060 net-zero goal.