PENGARUH KESEIMBANGAN, KEKUATAN OTOT LENGAN DAN KOORDINASI MATA - TANGAN TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PASSING BAWAH DALAM PERMAINAN BOLAVOLI SISWA SMPN 2 CILEGON

Abstract

This study aims to examine the influence of balance, arm muscle strength, and hand–eye coordination on underhand passing ability in volleyball among students of SMP N 2 Cilegon. The research employed a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The sample consisted of 45 students from grades VII and VIII selected through purposive sampling. Balance was measured using a standing balance test, arm muscle strength using an arm push strength test, and hand–eye coordination using a throw-and-catch test. Underhand passing ability was assessed through technical performance observations during volleyball practice and passing scores in game situations. Data were analyzed using multiple regression to determine the contribution of each predictor variable to passing performance. The results showed that balance, arm muscle strength, and hand–eye coordination simultaneously had a significant effect on underhand passing ability (p < 0.05), with hand–eye coordination being the strongest contributor. These findings suggest that coaches and Physical Education teachers should prioritize coordination training in addition to strength and balance exercises to enhance students’ passing skills.